#encoding

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Why one visible character may contain several code points

Unicode assigns identifiers called code points to characters and related text elements. A visible character can sometimes be represented by several code points, such as a letter followed by a combining accent. This is why counting stored text elements is not always the same as counting the characters a reader sees.

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compression

How lossless compression makes a file smaller without changing it

Lossless compression replaces repeated or predictable data with a more compact representation. A decoder can reconstruct the original exactly because the necessary information remains encoded. A long run of identical values might be stored as one value plus a count, although real formats often use more sophisticated methods.

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