#science

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Why a measurement needs an uncertainty

A measured value is limited by the instrument, method and conditions used to obtain it. Reporting an uncertainty communicates the scale of that limitation instead of implying perfect precision. Repeating a measurement can reduce some random variation, but it does not automatically remove a miscalibrated instrument's bias.

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science

Why scientific societies made correspondence important

Founded in 1660, the Royal Society became one institution through which investigators shared observations and experiments. Letters, meetings and publications connected people working in different places. The historical change was partly organisational: knowledge could be recorded, compared and discussed through a continuing community.

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